STOP LEUKEMIA

A study of the magnitude of bronchial resistance by the method of pneumotachography in patients with HO BL occurring on the background of CLL showed a significant increase in R aw compared with similar indicators in the control group (healthy) and a slight increase compared with the data of patients with COPD without an associated lymphoproliferative disease. Once contrast performance values Bron hialnogo resistance at Paci ENTOV primary and third control groups can be explained by the fact that in some patients of Group III at baseline, these figures are slightly higher due to specific bronchial pulmonary manifestations limfoley goat and latent course of chronic Cesky obstructive bronchi that.

On average, in the morning, the PSV indices, with peak flowmetry, were 47% D and in the evening 52% D. Changes in the HRP within a day did not significantly exceed 5%. There were no significant differences in the PSV indices and its daily fluctuations in patients of the main and 3rd control group.

In order to study microhemocirculation in the proximal bronchial tree, 10 patients with COPD associated with CLL (2 patients from I, 6 from II, and 2 from III groups) underwent endobronchial LDF on a laser analyzer of capillary blood flow LAAC-02. Disorders of microcirculatory blood flow were diagnosed in all patients. PM has been significantly reduced. The σ values ​​were lower than the control values. Kv was significantly higher than control. Correlations were found between the intensity of inflammation in the bronchi and a decrease in PM (r = –0.57; P <0.05), between a decrease in FEV 1 and PM (r = 0.46; P <0.05). However, it should be borne in mind that in patients with CLL outside of the attachment of AML, there is an initial decrease in PM.

During the amplitude-frequency analysis of the Dopplerograms, it was found that the amplitudes of oscillations in the E-band, in patients with COPD were lower than the control values ​​(P <0.01). This can be explained by a decrease in endothelial oscillations in patients with COPD, without concomitant hemoble astrosis [238], since in patients with CLL, outside the administration of AML, there are no changes in endothelial oscillations .

The amplitude of oscillations in the H-band, associated with the sympathetic effects on smooth muscle cells of arterioles and arteriolar regions of arterio-veno-vulvar anastomoses was increased compared with the control. An increase in the amplitude of oscillations in this frequency range indicates arteriolar vasodilation, which can be explained by the presence of a broncho-obstructive process, since the majority of COPD patients have severe and moderate degrees who do not have hemoblastosis and increased neurogenic fluctuations. Dilation of arteriol can be an adaptive response of the microcirculatory bed, since it contributes to the optimal blood flow to the capillaries in patients with leukostasis.

The amplitudes of oscillations in the M and D bands, indicating the activity of local x pacemakers inside the smooth muscle cells of the precapillary sphincters and venous tone, did not differ from the control.

The amplitude of oscillations in the C-band, brought into the microcirculatory bed from the arteries, was reduced compared with the control. A decrease in the amplitude of oscillations in the C-band indicates a decrease in the flow of arterial blood into the microvasculature. This may be due to microcirculation disorders in the bronchi in patients with CLL, a large role, in the development of which belongs to the presence of leucostasis. In many patients, peripheral blood leukocytosis of more than 100 × 10 9 / l was observed . It must be borne in mind that in patients with CLL, outside the attachment of AML, during the tumor progression, a decrease in the C-band oscillation amplitudes is diagnosed. At the same time, in patients with COPD, without concomitant hemoblastosis, no changes in cardiac fluctuations were diagnosed .

4 weeks after initiation of COPD therapy, these patients were given endobronchial LDF again . The PM indicator remained significantly reduced. The values ​​of σ and Kv did not undergo significant changes. The amplitude of endothelial oscillations increased slightly and did not have significant differences with the control (in contrast to the initial indicator). The amplitude of oscillations in the neurogenic range remained elevated. The amplitude of cardiac oscillations remained almost unchanged and was reduced. The amplitudes of oscillations in the myogenic and respiratory ranges did not significantly change. Etc. oanalizirovav WMS data but to conclude that significant changes in the microcirculatory blood flow in the mucous membrane of the proximal bronchi in patients with COPD associated with CLL remain, even if the bronchoscopic picture improves. This may be due, primarily, to the presence of lymphocytic leukemia, in which initially there are places of significant impairment of micro hemocirculation. In many patients with CLL, without a concomitant broncho-obstructive process, PM, Ac are significantly reduced . Disorders of microhemocirculation contribute to the recurrence of severe and prolonged inflammatory processes in the lungs and bronchi, resulting in an increase in pressure in the pulmonary circulation.

The gas composition of blood was studied in patients with COPD flowing on the background of CLL and COPD without an associated lymphoproliferative disease. In the main group, there was a significant increase in pCO 2 , a decrease in pO 2 and capillary blood pH, as compared with the control. Indicators of blood gas composition in patients of the main and third control groups did not have significant differences.

Clinical and radiological manifestations of pulmonary emphysema were diagnosed in 40 patients with COPD. The clinical manifestations of emphysema in these patients were the following symptoms: the chest is cylindrical barrel-shaped, the lower borders of the lungs are lowered by one or two ribs, the smoothness of the supraclavicular depressions, expansion and bulging of the intercostal spaces, reduction of the respiratory excursion of the lungs, boxed sound over the entire lung surface , with auscultation, weakened breathing, reduction of cardiac dullness, visible pulse tion in the epigastric region. All of these patients had shortness of breath, aggravated by exertion, and increased fatigue. In patients with pulmonary emphysema, a significant loss of body weight was observed. However, in patients with CLL, with a rapidly progressive course of the disease and in the terminal stage, cachexia may be a manifestation of hemoblastosis.

The radiographic signs of emphysema were as follows: barrel-shaped or bell-shaped chest with horizontally extending posterior rib segments and extended intercostal spaces; the vertical size of the chest is enlarged, the sternum is deflected anteriorly, the retrosternal space “gapes” (more than 3-5 cm); an increase in the area and transparency of the pulmonary fields; discharge, impoverishment of the pulmonary pattern; in the inspiratory position low aperture; costal diaphragmatic sinuses flattened, deployed; the excursion of the domes of the diaphragm is sharply reduced. The most reliable radiological signs of pulmonary emphysema are detected by X-ray computed tomography .

During spirography, there was a decrease in VC (48 ± 5.2% D), an increase in the functional residual capacity of the lungs, and a residual volume. Mild emphysema (residual volume of 35–45%) was diagnosed in 21 patients, severe (45–50%) in 11 patients and severe (over 55%) in 8 people.

It should be noted that the number of patients diagnosed with some clinical and radiological signs of emphysema (98 people, including 40 patients with emphysema caused by COPD) is greater than the number of patients with emphysema in COPD (Chapter 3). This is due to the elderly patients with CLL, in this situation there is a so-called. senile emphysema. Unlike true emphysema, in patients with COPD, the air capacity of the lungs in these patients did not decrease, pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy did not develop.

Immunological studies were carried out in 40 patients with COPD associated with CLL during the period of exacerbation of the disease and at 14-15 days after the start of treatment. A comparative analysis of the immunological parameters of the main and control groups was carried out. In patients with CLL, there is a significant decrease in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, a decrease in the content of serum immunoglobulins of classes A, M and G, and immunosuppression in T-lymphocyte content. These changes are explained by the B-cell tumor nature of the disease – B-CLL. For the same reason, for 14–15 days, after the start of treatment, there were no changes in the indices of cellular and humoral immunity . Immunodeficiency dictates the need for immunomodulating therapy in the treatment of COPD in patients with CLL.

The exacerbations of COPD in patients with a progressive course of CLL often coincided with courses of polychemotherapy (CP, COP, CHOP, ATS, FC, FCR, FCM), which contributes to the progression of immunodeficiency. In patients with CLL with association with COPD treated with chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide exacerbations of the broncho obstruction was not observed.

During exacerbation of COPD in patients with progressive CLL, the clinical symptoms of which disease determine the severity of the condition at the moment were assessed. In most cases, these were symptoms of COPD. In such situations, first of all, therapy was directed to the treatment of the broncho-obstructive process and only upon achieving remission, COPD was prescribed cytostatic therapy. The appointment of aggressive chemotherapy in the period of exacerbation of COPD, in all cases led to an even greater burden of bronchopulmonary disease, and even to the development of pneumonia in patients with CLL.

The course of COPD on the background of CLL is characterized by a significant inhibition of immunity, a more severe course and a slow dynamics of clinical syndromes. All modern methods of treatment of COPD have been used to treat these patients . The dynamics of clinical manifestations of COPD in patients with CLL in the stage of exacerbation of the obstructive process in the lungs was compared with the dynamics of these indicators in patients with COPD without CLL (3rd control group) . Due to the characteristics of CLL, which is characterized by leukocytosis and absolute lymphocytosis in blood tests, indicators of the number of leukocytes and neutrophils were not taken into account when assessing the severity and dynamics of clinical manifestations of COPD during the exacerbation.

Of the 228 patients with CLL, 40 patients were diagnosed with chronic pulmonary heart (CID) according to clinical, radiographic, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic studies. In all 40 people, the cause of the development of HPS was a prolonged course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There were no diseases with a primary lesion of the pulmonary vessels and with thoracodiaphragmatic disorders in this group. In all patients, the duration of diagnosis of COPD ranged from 5 to 20 years. In all 40 patients, according to clinical and radiological data, pulmonary emphysema occurred, in 25 patients according to x-ray data, diffuse pneumosclerosis.

Clinical manifestations of HPS were detected in 40 patients . Compensated pulmonary heart was diagnosed in 28 and decompensated in 12 people. In patients with compensated HLS, the symptom complex of chronic respiratory failure prevailed. Dyspnea, fatigue during exercise, cyanosis in these patients for a long time were only manifestations of respiratory failure. An important role in the timely diagnosis of HPS in these patients was played by given target physical, laboratory and instrumental examinations. Physical examination revealed the following symptoms: an enhanced diffuse cardiac impulse in the pericardial region; tachycardia; accent II tone over the pulmonary artery her; amplified I tone over the tricuspid valve compared to the apex of the heart; amplified II tone above the xiphoid process, at the point of attachment of the IV – V ribs to the sternum to the right compared to the base of the heart; epigastric pulsation; the displacement of the right border of the relative dullness of the heart; a push of the right ventricle in the IV – V intercostal space, on the left at the edge of the sternum; presystolic or protodiastolic gallop in the zone of auscultation of the tricuspid valve or right ventricle.

Clinical manifestations of decompensated pulmonary heart were an enlarged liver (it must be borne in mind that an enlarged liver in this situation may be a clinical manifestation of CLL, therefore, when diagnosing decompensated HPS in these patients, hepatomegaly did not have an important diagnostic value), edema of the lower extremities, ascites , swelling of the cervical veins, pulsation of the liver, positive symptom of Plesch, systolic murmur at the base of the sternum, nocturia, oliguria, complications from the central nervous system and Stems Thus , the formation of decompensated pulmonary heart was characterized by adherence of right ventricular heart failure to respiratory failure.

Radiographic signs of CID in patients with CLL were bulging of the cone of the pulmonary artery and expansion of the right heart, which were detected in 32 patients.

All patients had more than two “direct” signs of pulmonary heart on an ECG: 1) Rv 1 ≥ 7 mm; 2) R / Sv 1 ≥1 mm; 3) Rv 1 + Sv 5 ≥ 10.5 mm; 4) the time of internal deviation in the lead V 1 ≥ 0.03-0.05 s; 5) QR complex in lead V 1 ; 6) incomplete blockade of the right bundle of His bundle with Rv 1 ≥ 10 mm; 7) complete blockade of the right bundle of His bundle with Rv 1 ≥ 15 mm; 8) right ventricular loading in V 1 – V 2 management (inversion of T wave).

During echocardiography and ICDH, pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed in 40 patients with COPD complicated by CPH (during ECG and ICDD, there was an increase in pressure in the LA system, hypertrophy and / or dilation of the right ventricle were detected), and 20 patients with CLL were not diagnosed. who had a history of COPD and were not abused by smoking (37% of the total number of CLL patients without COPD). In 10 patients with CLL with concomitant COPD (diagnosed according to clinical and instrumental data), pulmonary hypertension was not detected (10%).

Patients with CLL associated with COPD, and without a broncho-obstructive process, who, according to echocardiography and IDGC, were diagnosed with LH, are divided into four subgroups: subgroup A – 10 patients with CLL with COPD without LH signs; subgroup B – 28 patients with compensated HPS; subgroup C – 12 patients with decompensated HPS; subgroup D – 20 patients with CLL without COPD, but with the presence of LH signs. For comparison, an ultrasound study of the heart was carried out in patients with COPD and HPS without concomitant lymphoproliferative disease (additional control subgroups): 10 people with COPD without PH ( control subgroup A KONT ), 25 people with COPD and signs of HLS in the stage compensation (control subgroup B KONT ), 25 people with COPD and signs of HPS in the decompensation stage (control subgroup C KONT ). Patients of the control subgroups by age and sex matched the patients with CLL.

TMPS of the pancreas in patients of subgroup A differed from the same indicator in the control (P <0.01). In the stage of compensated pulmonary heart, the thickness of the myocardium of the right ventricle reached maximum values ​​(compared to control, subgroups A and C – P <0.001). In case of decompensation of the CHPS, the TMPS PZH exceeded the control indicator with a reliability of <0.001, but was significantly less than in the compensation stage (P <0.001). In subgroup D, the myocardial thickness of the pancreas was significantly different from the control indices (P <0.001) and subgroup B (P <0.001). TMPS prostate patients subgroup A Comte , it was smaller than in patients of the subgroup A (P <0.01). Increase TMPS PZH in patients with COPD occurring on the background of CLL and not complicated by pulmonary hypertension, it can be explained by tumor intoxication, cardiotoxic effects of cytostatics, anemia, lymphoid myocardial infiltration. The TMPS indicators of the pancreas of subgroups B and B KONT , C and C KONT did not have significant differences .

There was an increase in the indices of the CRV of the pancreas in patients with CLL in combination with COPD and HLS in subgroups B and C (P <0.001). In patients with compensated and decompensated CPH, an increase in the RER RV is associated primarily with prolonged pulmonary hypertension, due to the presence of a pathologic process in the lungs. No significant differences in the CRD of the main pancreas and the corresponding control subgroups were found.

In the study of the functional ability of right heart diseases in patients of subgroup A, there was a decrease in E TK (P <0.05) and a significant increase in A TK (P <0.001), respectively, the ratio E / A TK (P <0.001) decreased. Other hemodynamic parameters were not significantly different from the control data. Compared with subgroup A KONT , the A value of TK was significantly increased and the ratio E / A decreased (P <0.001), which is explained by an increase in heart rate at the late stages of tumor progression in CLL, due to anemia and intoxication .

In subgroup B, there was an increase in BWW of the pancreas (P <0.001), CSR pancreas (P <0.001), a decrease in PV of the pancreas (P <0.01). Compared with the control, E TK was significantly reduced (P <0.05), A TK increased (P <0.001). Revealed a decrease in E / A TC (P <0.001). Compared with subgroup B KONT , there were significant differences in the indices A TC and E / A (P <0.001) .

In patients with decompensated CPHC on the background of CLL (subgroup C), the diffuse reflectance and CSR of the pancreas were significantly increased (P <0.001); EF significantly decreased the prostate (P <0.001), IAs pancreas (P <0.01), SR pancreas (P <0.05). Patients in subgroup C showed a significant decrease in E TK (P <0.01), an increase in A TK (P <0.001) and a decrease in the E / A ratio (P <0.001). Significant differences of A TK and E / A compared with subgroup C KONT were noted. Due to significant dilatation of the pancreas, the SR pancreas was reduced .

In patients with HPS, the main role in the violation of hemodynamics of the ICC belongs to prolonged pulmonary hypertension, leading to morphological changes in the ICC vessels and in the right ventricular myocardium.

In subgroup D, an increase in the CRD of the pancreas (P <0.05), an increase in KDO (P <0.05) and CSR (P <0.05) of the pancreas were diagnosed. An increase in the SI of the pancreas was noted (P <0.001) due to an increase in the heart rate; an increase in A TK (P <0.05), a decrease in E TK (P <0.05) and, accordingly, a decrease in the ratio E / A (P <0.001). In this group, a violation of pulmonary hemodynamics, systolic and diastolic functions of the pancreas is a consequence of hemoblastosis ( myocardial dystrophy, lymphoid infiltration of the myocardium, etc.), and not bronchopulmonary pathology. Ane mia, intoxication, lymphoid infiltration of the myocardium in patients with CLL, in the later stages of tumor progression, promote different vitiyu not adequate circulation . Myocardial dystrophy caused many violations of pulmonary hemodynamics in subgroup D, including an increase in pressure in the aircraft system.

In the study of the contractile ability of the left ludochka in patients with COPD associated with CLL of subgroup A, an increase in A MK was diagnosed (0.5 ± 0.03 m / s; P <0.01), and a decrease in the E / A LV ratio (1 , 2 ± 0.05 m / s; P <0.001), not typical for patients of subgroup A KONT . This is due to the initial increase in A MK in patients with CLL, due to an increase in heart rate. The remaining indices of the ultrasound study of the left ventricle corresponded to those of healthy individuals and subgroup A KONT . Patients diagnosed in the sub-group of reliable, as compared to control increasing A MK (0.53 ± 0.03 m / s; P <0.001) and, accordingly, a decrease in the E / A ratio (1.0 ± 0.05; P <0.001). No significant difference was found in other indicators of the LV contractile function from those of the control and subgroup B KONT . In the study of the systolic function of the left ventricle in patients of subgroup C, a decrease in the contractile ability of the LV was recorded . Compared with the control, the differential diffuse reflectance and LV CSR were increased (143 ± 5.8. P <0.05 and 60.5 ± 3.0, P <0.01 ml; respectively), EF decreased (61 ± 2, 7%; P <0.01). There was a decrease compared with the control of LV LV (35.6 ± 1.6; P <0.05), LV SI (2.8 ± 0.05 l / ml / m 2 ; P <0.05). Significant differences of these indicators with those in subgroup C CONT is not revealed. In subgroup C, a significant increase was diagnosed compared with the control and subgroup C KONT , A MK (0.55 ± 0.02 m / s; P, respectively, <0.001 and <0.01), which is explained by an increase in heart rate in these patients, and respectively, a decrease in E / A (P <0.001). Thus, LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with COPD associated with CLL has been observed even in patients with normal pulmonary artery pressure. But dilatation of the left ventricle and

The development of its contractile ability develops only into the stage of decompensated HPS. Patients of subgroup D have diastolic and systolic LV dysfunctions (increase in BWW – 140 ± 5.0 ml, P <0.05; CSR – 55 ± 5.0 ml, P <0.05; And MC – 0.58 ± 0.03, P <0.001, a decrease in E MK – 0.53 ± 0.02; E / A – 0.93 ± 0.5, P <0.001) and an increase in SI LV – 3.6 ± 0.25 l / ml / m 2 , P <0.05 (due to increased heart rate).

During ultrasound examination of the diaphragm in patients of subgroup A, the thickness of the diaphragm did not change significantly. The position, shape, echogenicity of the diaphragm did not differ from those in the control group. There was a significant decrease in the excursion of the diaphragmatic muscle with calm and forced breathing. Significant differences in the indices of TD, EDS and EDF in subgroups A and A KONT were not found. However, in subgroup A KONT , in contrast to subgroup A, the EMF did not significantly differ from the same in control. A more pronounced violation of EDS in CLL can be explained by an enlarged liver and spleen in patients with a tumor form of hemoblastosis included in this group, which contributed to the violation of the excursion of the diaphragm .

In patients with subgroup C, an increase in the thickness of the diaphragm was registered (P <0.001). The dome of the diaphragm was flattened, the echo structure became non-uniform. The mobility of the diaphragmatic muscle decreased not only with forced but also with quiet breathing. Significant differences in the indices of TD, EDS and EDF in subgroups B and B KONT were not found .

In patients with subgroup C, the dome of the diaphragm, during the ultrasound study, was fuzzy, slightly wavy, the echo structure was diffusely uneven, with foci of inclusions. The thickness of the diaphragm muscle was 5.5 ± 0.3 mm (P> 0.05). A decrease in the thickness of the diaphragm, as compared with subgroup B (P <0.001), is associated with dystrophic changes in this muscle. In this subgroup, the mobility of the diaphragm was significantly reduced. Her excursion decreased with calm and forced breathing. It should be noted that TD, EDS, and EDF differed significantly from those of subgroup B, which indicates a progressive diaphragm dysfunction. Significant differences in these indicators in subgroups C and C KONT were not found.

The results of the study allowed us to trace the development of changes in the functional state of the diaphragm in patients with CLL and COPD at different stages of the formation of the CID. An increase in the thickness of the diaphragm in patients with compensated HPS, a decrease in its thickness during decompensation of the HPS, and a decrease in the mobility of the diaphragm during calm and forced respiration indicate a progressive impairment of the functional state of the diaphragm as the COPD and HPS develop. Among patients with CLL, with the presence of concomitant COPD, the greatest changes in the functional capacity of the diaphragm were observed in patients with decompensated COP.

In subgroup D, the thickness of the diaphragm did not change, but its excursion during calm and forced breathing was significantly reduced . Violation of the excursion of the diaphragm in these patients is explained by its compression by significantly enlarged liver and spleen and leukemic damage ( lymphoid infiltration, leukostasis in vessels). It must be borne in mind that in subgroup D included a large number of patients with a significant increase in the liver and spleen.

Thus, it can be concluded that in patients with COPD without PH, the functional state of the diaphragm depends on impaired bronchial patency. In compensated drugs, the functional capacity of the diaphragm is impaired due to severe bronchial obstruction, arterial hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, and systolic and diastolic function of the pancreas. In patients with decompensated CPH, a significant decrease in the contractile ability of the pancreas joins the above. In patients with CLL, without concomitant COPD, with the presence of LH, the leading role in the disruption of the functional state of the diaphragm belongs to its compression significantly increased by the liver and spleen, and specific leukemic lesion.

Treatment of HPS in the stages of compensation and decompensation was carried out in accordance with modern guidelines .

SrDLA was measured prior to the initiation of appropriate therapy and after its termination. It was possible to achieve a decrease in SrDLA in patients with subgroups B (22.0 ± 2.6); C (27.7 ± 4.0); D (17.6 ± 1.1) mm. Hg Art. However, when conducting a statistical study, this decrease was not significant (P> 0.05).

After treatment in patients of subgroup A (COPD without LH), a significant decrease in the CSR of the pancreas compared to the baseline was observed – to 43.6 ± 2.5 ml (P <0.05), an increase in pancreas to 0.57 ± 0, 03 m / s (Р <0.05) and Е / А ratios – up to 1.03 ± 0.03 (Р <0.01).

In subgroup B (compensated for CPV), after treatment, there was a significant decrease compared to baseline in BWW of the pancreas (123.6 ± 2.0 ml; P <0.05), CSR pancreas (56.3 ± 2.2 ml; P < 0.05), an increase in the E / A ratio (1.18 ± 0.08; P <0.01).

In patients with subgroup C (decompensated pulmonary heart), after therapy, there was a decrease compared with baseline BWW of the pancreas and CSR pancreas,respectively, to 130.0 ± 4.1 ml (P <0.05) and 70.4 ± 4.1 ml (P <0.05). An increase in EF of the pancreas to 49.9 ± 2.9% (P <0.05), UI PZH to 39.2 ± 1.6 ml / m 2 (P <0.05), SI PZH to 3.1 ± 0.1 l / min / m 2 (P <0.01). On the part of the diastolic function of the pancreas, a significant increase in the pancreas E to 0.56 ± 0.04 m / s (P <0.05) was established; the E / A ratio to 0.9 ± 0.05 (P <0.01) However, these indicators after treatment were not normalized.

After treatment in patients of subgroup D (CLL with LH, but without concomitant COPD), an increase in the E / A ratio was observed to 1.34 ± 0.05 (P <0.05). The remaining hemodynamic parameters of the ICC before treatment did not significantly differ from the norm and remained practically unchanged after treatment.

The death was ascertained in 6 patients of subgroup A, 14 patients of subgroup B, 11 patients of subgroup C and 18 patients of subgroup D. According to the results of autopsy material, the morphology of the right ventricle myocardium, segmental bronchi, small circulation vessels, liver and diaphragm was studied in patients with CLL For comparison, data from autopsy material of the same organs of 30 practically healthy people who died from life-incompatible injuries (main control subgroup; control) and patients with COPD and HLS without an associated lympho-proliferative disease (additional control subgroups) were used: 10 people with COPD without signs CPH (control subgroup a to ) 23 persons with COPD symptoms and compensate CPH in step (subgroup B control to ), 30 people with COPD and signs of HPS in the decompensation stage (control subgroup C to ). Patients of the control subgroups by age and sex matched the patients with CLL.

A morphological study of segmental bronchi in patients with CLL deaths with COPD events identified four forms of chronic obstructive bronchitis: 1) catarrhal chronic bronchitis (CBC) was detected in 6 cases (20%) – in group A in 4 cases, in subgroup B in 2 cases; 2) catarrhal sclerosing chronic bronchitis (CACS) was detected in 12 cases (38%) – in subgroup A in 2 cases, in subgroup B in 6 cases, in subgroup C in 4 cases; 3) sclerosing chronic bronchitis (CHB) was detected in 10 cases (32%) – in subgroup B in 6 cases and in subgroup C in 4 cases; 4) granulating chronic bronchitis (HCB) – diagnosed in 3 cases (10%) in subgroup C. Summing up the morphological and morphometric studies of segmental bronchi in patients with COPD associated with CLL and COPD without concomitant hemoblastosis, it can be concluded that there are no significant morphological differences between these two cohorts of patients. An exception is the presence in patients with CLL with progressive, tumor and splenic forms of lymphoid infiltration disease. radios of the bronchi and the presence of clusters of lymphocytes in the vessels. In addition, in patients with CLL, due to the pathogenesis of the disease, the number of neutrophilic granulocytes in the cellular bronchial infiltrate is reduced. These changes can largely explain the protracted dynamics of COPD in patients with CLL. Lymphoid infiltration impairs the drainage function of the bronchi. Leukemia stasis and blood clots in the vessels of the bronchial wall lead to impaired microcirculation and blood supply to the wall of the bronchi. Disorders of microhemocirculation contribute to a severe, prolonged and recurrent course of COPD. A decrease in the number of neutrophils in the cellular infiltrate leads to a decrease in local immunity and contributes to a more protracted dynamics of the main COPD syndromes.

Indicators of the wall thickness of the pancreas, the width of the pancreas and the perimeter of the TSC in subgroups A and D were within normal limits. In subgroups B and C, their progressive increase was observed with a significant difference from control (P <0.001). In subgroup B, these changes are associated with concentric hypertrophy of the pancreatic wall and in subgroup C with dystrophic processes, which result in thinning of the wall and dilation of the pancreatic cavity with the development of relative tricuspid insufficiency. The LA circumference progressively increased from subgroup A to subgroups B and C, reaching a maximum in patients with decompensated CPH. The indicator of the circumference of the aircraft in the subgroup D with confidence <0.05 was different from the control. A significant increase in pancreatic mass was diagnosed in subgroups A, B, C, and D relative to the control (P <0.001). Ventricular index (LM) in all subgroups was significantly different from control. The absolute mass of the pancreas was significantly different from the control in all subgroups of the study. In subgroups A, B and D, microscopic examination of the pancreatic myocardium revealed fibromuscular hyperplasia and hypertrophic-hyperplastic processes, especially expressed in the stage of compensated CPHD. Atrophic and sclerotic processes prevailed in the stage of decompensation of the HPS. Significant differences in the above indicators among the patients of the respective main and additional control subgroups (COPD and HPS with CLL and COPD and HPS without concomitant hemoblastosis) were not found. but. At the same time, during the histological study of the myocardium of the pancreas in patients with CLL, additional control subgroups not characteristic of the patients were revealed : moderately severe lymphoid infiltration of the myocardium and accumulations of lymphocytes in the lumen of the coronary vessels. Lymphoid infiltration in the myocardium in CLL was significantly less pronounced than in the lungs, and was never detected in a macroscopic study .

In the study of the diaphragm thickness of patients of four subgroups, it was established that with an increase in the duration of the course of COPD and CID, the thickness increases , reaching maximum values ​​in the stage of compensated pulmonary heart. In the stage of decontamination of the CID, the thickness of the diaphragm decreased as compared with subgroups A, B and control. In patients with CLL with the presence of PH, but without a broncho-obstructive process in the lungs, the thickness of the diaphragm is slightly less than in the control group. Microscopic This study of the diaphragm revealed changes in myocytes and stroma. In all subgroups, mean myocytes prevailed. The greatest number of them was observed in subgroup A, in subgroups B and C there was a decrease in this indicator. A change in the number of large myocytes had a reverse tendency compared to the average muscle fibers, a greater number of them were diagnosed in patients with decompensated HPS. The same tendency was observed in the study of small muscle fibers. Chronic hypoxia, persistent energy hunger due to hyperfunction of the diaphragm as a result of COPD and HLS contributed to dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the striped muscle fibers of the diaphragm. The cross-sectional hair contours with a long COPD course (subgroups B and C) looked less rounded,in places with retractions and bulges. In the stage of decompensated HPS, areas with necrosis of myocytes appeared. The number of stroma in subgroups A (12.2 ± 0.35%) and B (13.5 ± 0.4%) exceeded the control indicators (P <0.001), however, they did not differ significantly between them (P> 0.05 ). The largest number of stromal elements was observed in subgroup C – 28.4%, which significantly exceeded the control indicators of other study groups (P <0.001). In subgroup C in the stroma of the diaphragm there were areas of lipomatosis. Significant differences between morphometric data of the main and control subgroups (patients with COPD and PH without sopahowever, they did not differ significantly (P> 0.05). The largest number of stromal elements was observed in subgroup C – 28.4%, which significantly exceeded the control indicators of other study groups (P <0.001). In subgroup C in the stroma of the diaphragm there were areas of lipomatosis. Significant differences between morphometric data of the main and control subgroups (patients with COPD and PH without sopahowever, they did not differ significantly (P> 0.05). The largest number of stromal elements was observed in subgroup C – 28.4%, which significantly exceeded the control indicators of other study groups (P <0.001). In subgroup C in the stroma of the diaphragm there were areas of lipomatosis. Significant differences between morphometric data of the main and control subgroups (patients with COPD and PH without sopa lymphoproliferative disease) was not detected. Morphofunctional to artin reflects the compensatory-adaptive processes that occur in the diaphragm due to bronchopulmonary pathology and the hypoxia and hyperfunction caused by it. These factors lead to the development of hypertrophy, and then dystrophy of the striated myocytes of the diaphragm. With a long course of COPD and HPS, dystrophic changes reach a maximum, leading to fatty degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers. In patients with CLL, in contrast to patients with CAS without lymphoproliferative disease, lymphoid infiltration of the diaphragm and lymphocytic stasis in the vessels of the diaphragm is noted . These changes, as well as compression of the diaphragm by the enlarged liver and splenic This contributes to impaired function of the diaphragm and the progression of the identified morphological changes . Morphological changes in the diaphragm in patients with subgroup D (CLL patients with PH, without COPD).

The morphological and morphometric studies of small circulation vessels (ISC) in CLL patients in combination with COPD at different stages of the formation of HLS were performed . The degree and frequency of identified changes increases with the progression of CPH. In patients with COPD and HLS, CLL in the arteries and arterioles of the ICC had changes of I – V degrees, in the veins – I – III degrees. Changes in the vessels of the ICC are characteristic of both the main patients (COPD on the background of CLL) and additional control subgroups (COPD without concomitant lymphoproliferative disease), at similar stages of the formation of the CPH. The morphological features of the vessels of the LA system in CLL patients were the following changes, which are not characteristic of patients with additional controls groups: filling gaps from vessels of different caliber with lymphocytes with the development of leukostasis, in some cases completely blocking the gaps of small vessels and causing a significant impairment of microcirculation ; in some patients, infiltration of the pulmonary vascular walls with tumor cells and multiple perivascular lymphoid cell lesions were noted.

In subgroup D, changes in the vascular ICC were less pronounced. In 13 cases, changes in arteries were noted and arterioles corresponding to the I degree (72.2%) – hypertrophy of the middle envelope, in 5 cases (27.8%) there were no changes. Changes in the veins were either absent or were not pronounced (I degree). We explain the less pronounced changes in the ICC vessels as compared with other subgroups by the shorter duration of PH in patients with CLL without COPD. Patients with I degree changes are mostly patients with significant liver enlargement and spleen. ki The duration of the disease is shorter than the duration of COPD in patients of the other subgroups. In patients without pathological changes in the vessels of the ICC, there was no significant increase in the liver and spleen. Consequently, an increase in pressure in the LA system in them is associated with a severe and prolonged course of inflammatory and specific leukoses in the lungs, an increase in lymph nodes in the chest cavity, and so on. That is, the duration of PH in this situation is even shorter and serious morphological changes detected in patients from other subgroups did not have time to occur in the vessels of the ICC.

Leukostasis in vessels in CLL patients in vivo is very difficult to identify, since there are no clinical and radiological manifestations of this complication, it is noted that leukostasis develops less frequently in patients with CLL than with acute leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. At the same time, impaired rheological indices of blood and pulmonary circulation is an important link in the pathogenesis of CLL. A decrease in pulmonary circulation is found in 97% of patients with CLL. The risk of developing leukostasis in the vessels of the lungs appears with an increase in the number of blood leukocytes above 50 × 109 / l, and with an increase of more than 200 × 109 / l, leukostasis almost always develops.

Pneumonia in CLL deserves special attention, because they are the dominant complication (up to 75%), playing a major role in the outcome of the disease. In a half of patients with CLL, a history of frequent pneumonia can be detected even before the onset of the disease. On the fact that pneumonia is the most common cause of mortality in patients with CLL, many authors point out. The occurrence of pneumonia is directly dependent on the presence of concomitant or previous pulmonary infectious process, i.e. leukemic infiltration of the lungs and bronchi. The pathogenesis of pneumonia may be different. Lymphoid infiltration of the bronchi can lead to their infection, the development of pneumonia and the death of a patient with CLL. The development of pneumonia in CLL can contribute to microcirculation disorders due to high leukocytosis.

Due to the development of lymphatic leukocytosis in B-CLL, these patients have varying degrees of severity of neutropenia. Belongs to pneumonia, occurring on the background of neutropenia, among the most severe, which often have a poor prognosis. They are characterized by complications: abscess formation, prolonged course, severe dysbiosis, sepsis. When the number of granulocytes in peripheral blood is <0.5 × 109 / l, the risk of developing infectious complications is higher than that of patients with a number of granulocytes> 1.0 × 109 / l, the risk of infectious complications is especially high with a level of granulocytes <0.1 × 109 / l [50]. With neutrophil count> 0.5 × 109 / l, a positive response to antibiotic treatment is observed in 90% of patients, and mortality is 7%, while with neutrophil count <0.5 × 109 / l – 60 and 20% respectively [50, 309, 355]. According to the WHO classification, there are 4 degrees of neutropenia. Especially dangerous is grade IV neutropenia (neutrophils less than 500 in 1 µl of blood), but patients with neutrophil count less than 100 in 1 µl are also isolated. The latter subgroup is the most threatened from the point of view of the development of fast-flowing gram-negative infection.

Of considerable interest is the work on the clinical and morphological features of pneumonia that occur in oncohematological patients against the background of myelodepression and neutropenia. The authors showed that for a microscopic picture of pneumonia on the background of myelodepression, there is a characteristic lack of manifestations of an inflammatory cell reaction in the lung tissue due to a sharp decrease in neutrophilic granulocytes in the circulating blood. In the lung tissue, exudation prevails, extending along the interalveolar passages without forming an inflammatory wall, limited only by anatomical structures (interlobar pleura). In this regard, in the specified period lobar pneumonia is characteristic.

Leukemia cells, infiltrating the interalveolar septa, as a rule, do not enter the lumen of the alveoli. In the respiratory region of the lung tissue, desquamation of the alveolar epithelium is observed, which further enhances exudation. In the absence of neutrophils, the alveolar macrophages play the main role in the clearance of alveoli from pathological contents. Therefore, the authors believe that the diagnosis of pneumonia in oncohematological patients is eligible even in cases of detecting serous contents in the alveoli in combination with the growth of fungal mycelium or microbial colonies.

The lifetime diagnosis of lymphoid infiltration of the lungs is extremely difficult. An objective criterion for the diagnosis of lymphoid infiltration of the lungs and pleura, as well as other organs, is morphological examination. However, a lively histological examination of light biopsies is difficult because of the invasiveness of all types of biopsies.

He identified the signs that are most common in CLL patients, which may indicate the development of a specific lymphoid lesion of the lungs and pleura with an accuracy of 94%. I) Statistically significant signs – 1) B-symptoms (a symptom complex indicating the activity of the tumor process, the degree of tumor intoxication) (p = 0.0002), 2) the presence of enlarged bifurcation lymph nodes during computed tomography (p = 0.003), 3) hemoglobin is below 100g / l (p = 0.01), 4) an increase in intrathoracic lymph nodes during X-ray (p = 0.03). II) Statistically insignificant signs – 1) complaints of patients for the presence of difficulty breathing (p = 0.09), 2) enlarged lymph nodes during radiography (p = 0.14), 3) general somatic status of EKOG WHO 2-4 (p = 0.21).

An informative method for diagnosing leukemia of the lung is X-ray examination.
However, many authors note that radiological and clinical differential diagnosis of inflammatory processes in the lungs and leukemic infiltration is extremely difficult, since specific and nonspecific changes are often combined. The peculiarity of leukemic infiltrates is poor clinical symptoms, its progression against the background of antibacterial therapy, more often bilateral lung injury. In contrast, pneumonia reveals small and large-focal darkening, often one-sided; antibacterial drugs have a certain effect.

A significantly enlarged spleen in CLL in the terminal stage of the disease can also cause compression of the adjacent organs and tissues 4 different types of lung lesions in hemoblastosis: Type I – pneumonia, Type II – massive diffuse leukemic infiltration, Type III – intravascular accumulation of leukemic cells or leucostasis, Type IV – specific lung tissue infiltration with lymphosarcoma and lymphogranulomatosis. Most authors note that in CLL, a specific lung lesion is less common than in acute leukemia.

A group of researchers led by S. Ahmed, based on a retrospective mathematical analysis of pulmonary complications in 100 CLL patients, developed prognostic tests that can be used to predict the likelihood of these complications. A high degree of risk was recognized in 68% of patients. The greatest risk was in the development of pneumonia – 75%, pulmonary leukostasis – 9%, malignant pleural effusion – 7%, Richter syndrome – 4%, stenosis of the upper respiratory tract – 2%.

Specific lymphoid infiltration of the lung tissue, septal septa and mediastinal cellulose contributes to bronchopulmonary complications in CLL. Leukemic infiltration in this disease contributes to the development of lymphatic tissue in the lungs. The source of infiltration is lymphoid follicles located around the bronchi and large veins. According to autopsy data, specific lymphoid infiltration of the lungs is observed in 41% of patients. However, extremely rarely, with the classical variant of CLL, massive leukemic infiltration takes place radiographically and macroscopically distinguishable during autopsy, mainly microscopic findings. It is believed that the appearance of massive lymphoid infiltration of the lungs and pleura is a sign of malignant disease transformation. In the phase of malignant transformation of CLL (Stage III), tumor germination from lymph nodes into the mediastinal tissue, damage to the walls of the bronchi and pleura is observed. In this stage, in some cases, lymphoid infiltration can be detected radiographically (0.5–2%). The leukemia infiltration in the lungs in CLL is interstitial, predominantly located along the small vessels and the interalveolar partitions. Microscopic examination revealed in small clusters of lymphocytes in the vessels and infiltrates from lymphocytes around the bronchi, as well as in the thickness of the bronchial walls.

The rapid growth of lymph nodes and their acquisition of stony density, compression and infiltration of neighboring organs and tissues with edema and pain syndrome are characteristic of the malignant transformation of Richter syndrome CLL (transformation into large cell lymphosarcoma). The development of large-cell lymphosarcoma in patients with mature cell lymphoproliferative diseases is a poor, prognostic sign and, as a rule, is accompanied by worsening of the condition, the appearance of common symptoms and generalization of the extramedullary tumor process. Life expectancy after the discovery of a large-cell lymphosarcoma usually does not exceed six months, despite the use of methods of combined chemotherapy adequate for high-grade lymphomas. At the same time, according to the data, the development of large cell lymphosarcoma in CLL patients does not always mean the later stage of the tumor progression, the terminal state and poor prognosis.

According to the author, the life expectancy of CLL patients after verification of Richter syndrome ranged from 3.5 months to 9 years. At this stage of the disease, compression with enlarged lymph nodes of the bronchi and lung tissue is most likely, accompanied by impaired ventilation of the lungs and the drainage function of the bronchi. A number of authors point to the possibility of significant compression by the transformed lymph nodes of the trachea and bronchi, causing dyspnea and asthma attacks, described a case of an isolated lesion of a bronchial tree with endobronchial tumor growth in Richter syndrome. The possibility of compression and rupture of the thoracic lymphatic duct in patients with CLL is noted. But this complication in CLL is rare, much more often it is characteristic of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas and lymphogranulomatosis.

Emphasizes the need for strict implementation of recommendations for examination of the organs of the thoracic cavity in patients with systemic lymphoproliferative diseases. Sometimes it is necessary to apply such diagnostic methods as radiography of the chest, image diagnostics, helium-67 scanning, positron emission tomography, lymph node biopsy.